Greensand Filters & applications
Greensand Filters & applications
Greensand filters are used in an entire range of water treatment applications to remove iron, manganese and hydrogen sulfide from the water. The filter is also used in industrial or commercial water treatment applications to remove radium, radioactive substances, arsenic, and radium.
In large flows such as with industrial water filtration, it is typically accomplished with chlorine and / or potassium permanganate, a strong oxidizer. Because the oxidation reaction required to convert the soluble material into solid particles, followed by successful filtration must be accomplished in 1-2 minutes of filter residence time, the water chemistry must be conducive to rapid reaction kinetics. Technical literature typically recommends pH in the 6.2 to 6.5 range. Our experience with waters in the SE US demonstrates pH 6.8 to be optimal. Alkalinity must be ≥ 120 ppm. These parameters can be adjusted by metering a dilute caustic and / or a soda ash solution into the water upstream of the filter to adjust pH and alkalinity, respectively. For iron alone, chlorine fed at a concentration of 1.0 to 1.2 times the iron should be adequate to oxidize the iron and “regenerate” the manganese greensand. Since excess chlorine is not deleterious to greensand filtration, it is possible to feed enough to provide adequate free chlorine residual in the filtered water sufficient for introducing into the clear well and pumping to service.

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Catalytic Oxidation (CO): At the same time in the water industry, we also refer to this as continuous operation. Before the Greensand filter, the catalytic oxidation operation involves feeding a strong oxidant directly into the raw water before feeding it to the raw water. It is Chlorine (Cl2) that uses the most common oxidant.
Greensand Filters
Intermittent Regeneration (IR):In this manner, the greensand catalytic function occurs on the surface of the Greensand media. Once the greensand media has reached capacity it’s going to not be capable of take away dissolved iron. It’ll have turn out to be exhausted and require regeneration. This regeneration method is similar to that of a water softener. The largest distinction is the regenerate chemical this is used. The most common chemical used to regenerate Greensand media is potassium permanganate.
Greensand Plus...
The Greensand Plus is used to remove and filter manganese, soluble iron, hydrogen sulfide, radium from water. It is also used to remove and filter manganese, soluble iron, hydrogen sulfide, arsenic, and radium from water products. When the Greensand Plus media is coated with manganese dioxide, this coating provides the catalyst in the oxidation reaction of iron and manganese. This coating provides the catalyst in the oxidation reaction of iron and manganese.
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Potassium Permanganate
Potassium Permanganate-for Food
The composition of the potassium permanganate, also used as Condy’s crystals, is composed by two elements: one was potash, and another was permanganate. Potassium permanganate is an odorless solid with no aroma, and they look like dark bronze or brown color crystals.
Potassium permanganate is a purple-colored crystalline salt that has important household & various industrial applications.
When we dissolve the crystals in water, it becomes purple in color. The potassium permanganate is able to oxidize many substances, so it has been popularly used as an oxidizing agent, a substance that accepts or receives electrons from other substances.
Potassium permanganate is a versatile purple coloured chemical compound. It is a potassium salt of manganic acid. Also known as the permanganate of potash, it has many other names such as chameleon mineral, Condy’s crystals and hypermangan. It was rediscovered by British chemist Henry Condy, who manufactured disinfectants known as ‘Condy’s crystals’, potassium permanganate became a big success. It has oxidizing properties, so it has found varied use in the medical and chemical industry. Its chemical formula is KMnO4.

Potassium Permanganate
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Disclaimer : The dawnsci.com blogs and everything published on it is provided as an information resource only. The blog, its authors and affiliates accept no responsibility for any accident, injury or damage caused in part or directly from following the information provided on this website. We do not recommend using any chemical without first consulting the Material Safety Data Sheet which can be obtained from the manufacturer and following the safety advice and precautions on the product label. If you are in any doubt about health and safety issues, please consult the Health & Safety Executive (HSE).
Best Citric Acid & Application
What is Citric Acid?
We are mostly familiar with the elements of citric acid. It is found in citrus fruits (Such as oranges, Lemon, Grapefruits & limes). In another point of view, it is also recognized as 2-Hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, which is a colorless, weak, organic acid.
In addition, Citric acid is neither a vitamin nor a mineral. It does not have dietary importance and should not be confused with vitamin C or ascorbic acid, which is also found in citrus fruits.
Citric acid is classified as a weak organic acid because it partially dissociates, or separates, when dissolved in a solvent, particularly water. The strength of an acid is measured not necessarily in terms of pH but on its dissociation in a solvent.

Various Applications of Citric Acid
Citric acid has a wide range of applications both in Industrial & Household. Citric Acid Anhydrous Reagent Grade is a high purity powder that is used for analytical purposes. It is chosen in research investigations since it is reliable and produces consistent, repeatable results. The difference between anhydrous and powder citric acid is the amount of water molecules present. Furthermore, Anhydrous citric acid is water free while the powder contains a single molecule of water. In applications where water will impede processes, anhydrous citric acid would be the best choice.
Moreover, Citric acid plays a wide role in cosmetic industries. It is commonly found in soaps, nail polishes, and facial cleansers. Many skin care formulations use citric acid due to its protective antioxidant properties and corrective anti-aging effects. The low pH of citric acid allows for exfoliation of the dead skin cells, thereby bringing new skin to the surface. Additionally, Citric acid is also an attractive choice in the cosmetics industry because it is safe and effective to use on the skin.
Last but not the list, there are also different grades of citric acid, 50%, 25%, and 10% solutions of citric acid. Based on the concentration, there are varying ratios of powdered citric acid dissolved in purified water.



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Best Citric Acid & Application
Citric acid is just like acid it also has chemical formula. Its average pH level for a given concentration, and its dissociation constant as Shown in diagram.
Mention diagrams illustrate that it has six atoms of carbon, eight atoms of hydrogen, and seven atoms of oxygen with a total molar mass of 192.12 g/mol. Moreover, Citric acid is classified as an alpha-hydroxy acid with a three-carbon skeleton. It has a hydroxyl group (OH) and three carboxylic acid groups (COOH). Structurally, three of its oxygen atoms are double bonded with carbon atoms while four of its oxygen atoms are bonded with hydrogen atoms.
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FAQ's
What is citric acid mainly used for?
Its acidic, sour-tasting nature, citric acid is predominantly used as a flavoring and preserving agent, especially in soft drinks and candies. It’s also used to stabilize or preserve medicines and as a disinfectant.
What are 3 uses for citric acid?
- Preserve food. It is used to keep food fresh for longer periods. …
- Preserve personal care products. It may keep cosmetics and other products fresh for longer.
- Have protective effects in the body. Citric acid used in medicine can kill bacteria and lower the acid in urine.
- Remove tough stains.
Is citric acid a vinegar?
Is citric acid same as lemon juice?
Which is stronger vinegar or citric acid?
Is citric acid stronger than vinegar? No, citric acid isn’t stronger than vinegar. The acetic acid in vinegar is a lot more aggressive and corrosive when it comes in contact with certain surfaces. But, there are many types of mineral deposits that citric acid can better deal with.
What is industrial citric acid?
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